Parental involvement in stepfamilies: Biology, relationship type, residence, and gender

Objective This study investigates the determinants of parental involvement in diverse types stepfamilies. Background Most research has studied married stepfather families with resident children. also includes some more recent and emerging stepfamily (e.g., living-apart-together [LAT] stepfamilies) allowing for a simultaneous examination role biological relatedness, type relationship, residence, gender involvement. It examines whether relatedness differs depending on parents' children's residence. Method Multiple regression analyses were conducted using New Families Netherlands (NFN) survey, large-scale data collected among divorced separated parents minor children (2015/16; N = 3218). Results Biological involved than stepparents (i.e., stepgap was observed). smallest stepfamilies, followed by cohabiting stepfamilies LAT respectively. (Step)parents those nonresident children, being higher full-time part-time joint physical custody) The larger but did not differ between mothers fathers. Conclusion where reside are important involvement, whereas nuance is required gender.